ICRC and onternational law Essay Example for Free

ICRC and onternational law Essay The ICRC started when Swiss businessman Henri Dunant traveled to Italy to meet with Emperor Napoleon III of France . Before he reached Napoleon he first passed through the town of Solferino where a battle was fought. On that day over 40,000 soliders on both sides fell; many were left to die on the battlefield without adequate care. Henry Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle. Instead of proceeding with his planned trip he spent the next few days tending to the wounded. Through his example, the local population began to administer aid without discrimination. When he returned home, he wrote a book called A Memory of Solferino. He sent copies of the book to political and military leaders throughout Europe . He advocated the formation of a national voluntary relief organization to help nurse the wounded and for the development of international treaties to safeguard the neutrality and protect those wounded on the battlefield. By February 9, 1863, Henry Dunant founded the Committee of the Five as an investigatory commission of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare. Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunant’s ideas and to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. In October 26, 1863, the international conference organized by the Committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. A conference attended by many European states resolved the following: The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers. Neutrality and protection for those wounded. Utilizing volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield. The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts in legally binding international treaties. The introduction of a common distinctive protective symbol for medical personnel in the field, specifically a white armlet bearing the red cross. Within a year, specific grounds were developed for the recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee; namely: The national society must be recognized by its own national government as a relief society according to the convention, and the national government of the respective country must be a state party to the Geneva Convention. The Commission’s first great achievement occurred on 22 August 1864 when the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention â€Å"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in the Armies in the field. † A total of four Geneva Conventions have been passed since then. With successive conventions aimed an improving or updating previous conventions to ensure that they are up to date with current technology and norms. Today there are 185 national Red Cross societies and over 1,330 employees directly under the ICRC assigned to field operations. All thanks to the initiative of one man. III. ICRC as a Driving Force in IHL The ICRC draws its authority to act principally from the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols. The Geneva Conventions from the First to the Fourth are the primary international treaties that limit the cruelty of war. They are meant to protect people who do not take part in the fighting, such as civilians, medics and aid workers. They also protect hors de combat or those who no longer have the means to continue fighting such as the wounded, sick, shipwrecked or those who have surrendered. The Geneva Conventions have been acceded to by 194 States and enjoy universal acceptance as a form of custom. The Geneva Conventions then are the primary documents governing International Humanitarian Law and the main overseer of International Humanitarian Law is the ICRC. However, the provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of civilian persons and for their relief[2]. Article 10 is of considerable value in the field of international law because faced with the barbaric reality of war, the law continues to be realistic and humane. It keeps in mind the object of the Convention, namely the protection of human life and peace between man and man, conscious that it is only a means. (a ridiculously weak means compared to the forces of war) of attaining this goal. When everything has been settled by legal means –ordinary and extraordinary—by assigning rights and duties, by obligations laid upon the belligerents and by the mission of the protecting powers, a corner was still found for something which no legal text can prescribe. However this niche was the most effective means of combating war. That niche is charity or the spirit of peace. This is where Article 10’s symbolic value can be seen. Through it, Henry Dunant’s action on the field of battle in Solferino. Article 10 is more than a tribute to Henry Dunant. It is an invitation to all men of good will to continue his work[3]. In order for the ICRC and subordinate National Commissions to effectively perform their role, members are granted considerable rights and privileges. For example, all Red Cross members have the right to wear the Red Cross, (or crescent in Muslim States). Wearing this mark affords immunity, for all practical purposes from violence by the combatants because, as outlined in Additional Protocol No. 1 of the Geneva Conventions[4] the Red Cross is the mark associating a vehicle, person or building with the ICRC and is sacrosanct and protected[5]. However, any use not expressly authorized by International Humanitarian Law constitutes misuse of the emblem and releases combatants from the obligation to respect the symbol. The types of misuse are Imitation, Usurpation and Perfidy. In fact, Improper use of distinctive emblems in a war crime committed when, in an international armed conflict, an intent to use them for combatant purposes prohibited under international law[6]. Owing to the ICRC’s unique position as the actual commission that proposes and puts forth the Geneva Conventions and other major IHL documents, it can be said that ICRC is the Organization that created IHL. The latter will of course continue to develop as time goes by. Other documents of international law respecting human rights and with respect to international crimes have evolved since then. But International Humanitarian Law began with Henry Dunant and his desire to help the wounded in Solferino.

Small Classrooms :: Education Teaching Essays

Small Classrooms One of the things that many teachers at Grace Dunn Middle School complain about is the large number of students they have in each class. Likewise, I face this situation in my classes; and since the start of observation there have been a few more additions, thereby making one class twenty-five in total. There are disadvantages for teachers and students in large classes; yet schools, especially in urban districts, still allow them. Although not all large class sizes signify poor academic and social performance, classes with students that are at-risk or classified cannot provide them with proper education and attention. However, in small classrooms, teachers have better management and use more interactive teaching approaches; and students perform academically higher and exhibit positive social skills. Thus, smaller class sizes with less than fifteen students provide a healthier learning environment than those with twenty or more. There are three major factors in smaller classes that allow teachers to better help students. Because of the reduction in class size, classroom management is easier and less time consuming. Smaller classes ensure that students have less of an opportunity to misbehave because teachers can monitor them more closely. Thus, teachers do not have to focus their class time on classroom management but rather on studentsf learning. Since student misbehavior is less problematic, smaller classes yield more time for teachers to develop their learning activities and concentrate on their teaching strategies (Handley 2). On the other hand, with larger classes, teachers spend less direct interaction with students and also tolerate more noises in their classes (Finn 22). For example, in my class of twenty-five, the task of handing out and collecting papers wastes time that can be used for instruction. Thus, classes often fall behind schedule because of these minor tasks that are time consuming . In addition, there are more direct interaction between the teacher and students. There is less competition between students for the teacherfs attention when there are fewer students in the class because with fewer students, the teacher can provide more attention for each student (Finn 18). Thus, teachers can create more student-oriented learning activities. For example, class discussions are more effective in smaller classrooms because students are more engaging and more likely to volunteer (Meier 109, Finn 18). In addition, individual students ask more questions because they are familiar with each other, and it also gives each student more time to speak (Handley 2).

Territory and borders are increasingly irrelevant in todays global economy

The natural way we imagine the concept of territory and borders is through a nation state, since defining one is a bit of a tricky task but for our purposes, a nation state can be defined as one which has a functioning centralised government put in place that possesses the ability to exercise authority over a distinctive territory. Unless you’re over the age sixty you've only ever known a world of nation states. Nationhood and empire have long been the dominant way we’ve organized ourselves economically, politically and socially or at least the way that other people have organized us, the ottomans to former Soviet Union and the United States are great examples, but the global market exceeds that level of influence or with no fixed borders. The shrinking world concept best describes the globalisation process with regional integration, plus increasing transborder flows, put a big question mark on the importance of state sovereignty and territorial borders with more Internationalisation taking place. However in the mitts of this global downturn state sovereignty and territorial borders have taken resurgence in importance so liberalisation that took place in the boom years is now being met with serious criticism. Quote by The Economist ‘The world became as tightly linked, economically, as it had ever been. It makes perfect sense that a downturn anywhere would become a downturn everywhere. Previously Borders were becoming less of significant issue in Europe, since the European Union was established back in 1957 with six original member’s states which now include nineteen more in this economic and political union centralised in Brussels. The ability of free movement of EU citizens between member states plus the easy transfer of goods to trade in 27 economies with lower taxation are obvious incentives to join, however with the decision making coming from one centralised location by imposing polices that have not been produced and approved by individual states means the ability of those individual representatives have a tougher time in truly representing the interest of their people, this would be more challenging for minority members to get a equal say so as more established members. By trying to get rid of these barriers contributed unintentionally to internal divisions, resulting in stronger claim of peripheral borders. Events such as the ones which occurred in the Arab world have contributed to an already tense situation with patrols in the Mediterranean built up now titling Europe Fortress Europe. Only the India- Pakistan, the Senkaku Islands conflict and Cambodia-Thailand probably the most blatant incidences of the frequent significance of borders. The contrast effects globalisation can have on two different nation states, the tiny Mediterranean state of Monaco smallest country in the world after Vatican City to Ethiopia 27th largest country in the are complete polar opposites. Monaco being is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. ‘The principality also is a major banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries’. So will argue Ethiopia's economy on the reliant on agricultural employing eighty five percent of its workforce which suffers from poor farming practices and regular occurring droughts which is made worst their borders is being compromised by the participation in transnational agency by the effects of the enhanced green house effect. So the size of territory is insignificant Monaco knowing already that’s it’s at a disadvantage due to size with no recognised natural resources has specialized itself into a service based sectors employing 95% of its workforce which has a better compatibility with today’s globalized world. A viewpoint which you receive might come from someone with a more nationalistic that says that the significant of territory and borders are more important to today than at any other period in time, you may point out the significant GDP and wealth destructions difference between Monaco and Ethiopia as a clear winner in the discussion but Monaco role and the activi ties it plays in the global market place leave it quite vulnerable. ‘The dependence on its service sector in areas such as banking and tourism for its economic growth and stability has left it quite vulnerable to a downturn experienced in neighbouring France and other European economies which are the principality’s main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco’s GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 with GDP growth of 2.5%, but Monaco’s economic prospects remain clouded in uncertainty tied to future euro-zone growth. Weak economic growth also has deteriorated public finances as the principality recorded a budget deficit of 1.9% of GDP in 2010. Ethiopia may not have the same ability to generate has a power presence in human history with all three abrahamic faiths origins begin here so more integrated westernized Ethiopia would be a sad lost for mankind so it will come down to what you value. To conclude on the whole, the sovereignty or the ability of nation states to uphold power and influence in its own recognised territory is deteriorating everyday in order to keep their economic stability and a competitive nature since it needs to open their markets due to globalisation. But the idea of the nation state has come under some questioning as of late some have actually questioned the nation state of ever being previously completely economically independent as false. It’s difficult to finger out an answer but I would say globalisation hasn’t weaken the influence of the nation state but condition under which their off power is executed.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1675 Words

Marijuana is a plant that has grown alongside with humans since around 8,000 BCE. It was first found in its hemp cord form in an ancient village in modern day Taiwan (Advance Holistic Health). There have been estimates that say that marijuana has been with humanity even before then which dates back to 10,000 BCE. This estimate also coincides with the dates for the discovery of agriculture (Advance Holistic Health). Coincidence? Probably not. Marijuana happens to be one of the hardiest of plants out there due to its nature of being able to grow in a wide variety of climates, how fast it grows and how fast it can spread hence the street name â€Å"Weed† or â€Å"Grass† (MaryJanesGirlâ„ ¢). Up until forty-six years ago, the prohibition of marijuana was lenient and then several presidents over the years started to enforce the prohibition, even on legal medical users and their doctors (Advance Holistic Health). The drug scheduling number one of marijuana is a problem beca use it prevents any further research from being done on marijuana. We should legalize and inform the masses about the potential of marijuana because of the promising health benefits of its chemical composition and the benefits it has in the economic and environmental industries. To understand why marijuana has numerous health benefits, one has to look at its two main chemical ingredients, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). These two chemicals will not do much raw. Either through smoking,Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study the...

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study: The Importance of Timing ACC/556 Professor University of Phoenix December 19, 2011 Memo To: The Management From: Forensic Auditor Date: 12/19/2011 Subject: Case Study on the Importance of Timing and Financial Statement Fraud Scheme As our company is in process of conducting investigation to detect any financial statement fraud or abuse, I have come across the case where expenses were recorded in the financial statement under the period it was disbursed to vendor and actual services occurred in next or other financial year period. It’s against the regulation of SEC and GAAP guidelines. In this particular case the repair were completed in current†¦show more content†¦The sampling tools and techniques used in this investigation consists systematic random selection of data from selected sources. The forensic accountant use computer forensics, data analytics and interviews to allow them to assemble much of the required evidence for an investigation. This abuse was detected when we see the invoice of heavy amount paid by end of the last year without any inspection report or repair completion document in file. The furt her investigation showed it was done later this year. No employee took any funds to commit financial fraud or larceny but the financial statement were misleading to the users of those statements. A company may experience such type of abuse or corruption schemes developed at any given time, more than one area or all over the company. Corruption can be performed by fraudster employees who intentionally and wrongfully use their influence to gain personal financial gain from company business transaction. It can be limited to a particular department or it may exist in all structural levels. It is vital for a company to review financial status routinely to ensure proper accounting and reporting procedures are followed in entirety of company business transactions. It is extremely important to review before an end of year transactions with heavy amounts to ensure validity of amount and services occurred in that financial year.Show MoreRelatedAcc 5561986 Words   |  8 PagesCourse Descrip tion In this course, students are introduced to the conduct of fraud examinations, including a discussion of specific procedures used in forensic accounting examinations and the reasoning behind these procedures. Topics include an overview of fraud and abuse, forensic evidence, substantive procedures for cash outflow irregularities, substantive procedures for asset irregularities, financial statement fraud, and examination reporting. Policies Faculty and students/learners willRead MoreFinancial Statement Frauds29904 Words   |  120 Pages2002:53 Financial Statement Fraud - Recognition of Revenue and the Auditor’s Responsibility for Detecting Financial Statement Fraud - Tiina Intal and Linh Thuy Do Graduate Business School School of Economics and Commercial Law Gà ¶teborg University ISSN 1403-851X Printed by Elanders Novum Abstract Financial reporting frauds and earnings manipulation have attracted high profile attention recently. There have been several cases by businesses of what appears to be financial statement fraudRead MoreCauses of Bank Failure6382 Words   |  26 PagesIf your money is FDIC insured, you probably don’t need to panic. Bank Officers’ Fraud Let us have an example from USA Former TBW CEO Pleads Guilty in $1.5 Billion Bank Fraud Scheme WASHINGTON—Paul Allen, the former chief executive officer (CEO) at Taylor, Bean Whitaker (TBW), pleaded guilty today to making false statements and conspiring to commit bank and wire fraud for his role in a $1.5 billion fraud scheme that contributed to the failure of TBW. The guilty plea was announced today by AssistantRead MoreAcca P7 Notes24991 Words   |  100 PagesINTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER 2 CHAPTER 1 – REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 3 CHAPTER 2 – PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8 CHAPTER 3 – PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 13 CHAPTER 4 – ASSIGNMENTS I: THE AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16 CHAPTER 5 – ASSIGNMENTS II: GROUP AUDITS 42 CHAPTER 6 – AUDIT REPORTS AND OTHER REPORTS 45 CHAPTER 7 – ASSIGNMENTS III: OTHER ASSIGNMENTS 57 CHAPTER 8 – CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS 63 INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER AIM OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to apply relevantRead MoreIca Gh Syslabus26672 Words   |  107 Pagesthe New Scheme Objectives and Expected Performance Outcomes of Each Part PART 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Financial Accounting Fundermentals Business Management Economics Management Information Systems PART 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Quantitative Tools in Business Audit and Internal Review Business and Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation PART 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Management PART 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Advanced Financial ReportingRead MoreSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 PagesThey cannot produce the information for themselves because of these conditions. Company managers and accountants produce the information. 1.3 Information risk, in contrast to business risk, is the risk (probability) that the information (mainly financial) disseminated by a company will be materially false or misleading. This risk creates the demand for objective outsiders to provide assurance to decision makers. 1.4 Students can refer to the AAA and AICPA definitions in Chapter 1. Some instructorsRead MoreProfessional Misconduct58343 Words   |  234 PagesComplaint Council Disciplinary Committee Council High Court (if need arises) Complaint Council whether it is fit D.C. (Ist Schedule) fit for case or not (Having evidences explanation unfit than recommended report (Prima facie opinion reject supply to council Whether complaint is fit. It is not deciding) Council Pass the decision Refer to H.C (If in Ist ScheduleRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 PagesSystems—A Deï ¬ nition Accounting Information Systems and Their Role in Organizations CASE ANALYSES The Annual Report Universal Concrete Products Ross, Sells, and Young, LLP REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGS ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF WHAT’S NEW IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Suspicious Activity Reporting Countering Terrorism Corporate Scandals and Accounting The Sarbanes-Oxley and Patriot Acts ACCOUNTING AND IT Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting Auditing Taxation CAREERS IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATIONRead MoreOrganizational Fraud9733 Words   |  39 PagesORGANIZATIONAL FRAUD [pic] Submitted by: Amit Goel(amigoel@gmail.com) Mohit Goel Executive Summary For many organizations, â€Å"getting it right† or â€Å"getting it wrong† is a matter of survival. This study talks about the issues like, ‘organisational fraud’, ‘ethics’ ‘empowerment’ in an organisation and their relation to standards of good behaviour in order to explore various ways in which occurrences of ever increasing frauds can be checked. Organisational Fraud can be perpetrated by thoseRead MoreWaste Management33554 Words   |  135 Pagesaccounting fraud and auditor legal liability c a S eS inc lu de d in t hiS Se ction 4 89 99 4.1 Enron Corporation and Andersen, LLP Analyzing the Fall of Two Giants . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Comptronix Corporation 4.3 Cendant Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifying Inherent Risk and Control Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 119 127 137 Assessing the Control Environment and Evaluating Risk of Financial Statement Fraud

Analysis Of The Poem George Washington Crossing The...

On a stormy December night in 1776 general George Washington and his men braved the cold and crossed the Delaware River to attack unsuspecting British soldiers. This bold move helped to turn the tides of the American Revolution and proved to be one of the most important American victories of the war. This historical battle was commemorated through a painting by German artist, Emmanuel Leutze. The painting of George Washington crossing the Delaware River properly represents the fighting spirit and resiliency of the colonial forces during the American Revolution. The painting depicts one of the most decisive victories of the American Revolution. Prior to the battle American morale was very low, even Washington was becoming doubtful. The continental army was forced out of New York and pushed across most of New Jersey on a desperate retreat induced by many British victories. The British troops that occupied the small town of Trenton were convinced that American morale was much too broken for any sort of attack†¦ Washington had other plans. (Encyclopedia Brittanica) Washington and 2,400 of his men crossed the Delaware River on Christmas Eve under the cover of a storm. They were totally undetected. This bold move was completely unexpected and carried out mostly out of pure determination. At the time of the crossing the continental army was severely undersupplied. The only two American casualties were a result of frostbite. They were not properly prepared for the cold northeasternShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem George Washington Crossing The Delaware River 867 Words   |  4 PagesOn a stormy December night in 1776 General George Washington and his men braved the cold and crossed the Delaware River to attack unsuspecting British soldiers. This bold move helped to turn the tides of the American Revolution and proved to be one of the most important American victories of the war. This historical battle was commemorated through a painting by German artist, Emm anuel Leutze. The painting of George Washington crossing the Delaware River properly represents the fighting spirit andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespage intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor:

Contributing Factors in Construction Accidents

Question: Discuss about the Contributing Factors in Construction Accidents. Answer: Introduction: The focus of discussion in the current research is to identify the relation between the project safety and the number of non-conformances and/or the volume of the rework in the construction sites. The research in the evidence based literature review indicates that there is positive relation between these two aspects, there is positive relation between the project safety as well as the non-conformances at the construction site reworks. The current report is a focus on this exhaustive relation and the study is performing to relate these two different aspects. Also recommendations based discussion is provided with proposals to reduce the safety incidents as well as to reduce the amount of rework on construction sites. The relationship between the safety and quality outcomes do have very limited attention in the construction and the engineering management domain. One of the main factor responsible for the development of such scenario is the fact that the contractors and the builders are not interested to reveal the sensitive information related to the reworks and the associated factors that are relating these incidents with the accidents in general. In accordance with the report presented by Love(2015), there is an extensive 31 months analysis of the relation between the incidents and rework and based on the observations it is indicated that the risk profiles for incidents and the NCRs are established with the mathematical analysis. The data indicated as high as mean ratio of incidents to rework NCRS to be 1:7. Also it is indicated that the relation between incidents and the rework NCRS (p0.05). Similar indications are reported in other recent empirical evidence based reports; It is found that ther e two statistically significant relationships; the OSHA recordable rate is positively correlated to rework (r2 =0.968, p-value =0.032); Also the first aid rate is positively correlated to the number of defects (r2 = 0.548, p-value=0.009) (Wanberg, 2013). There is indication that the most compelling reason for the strong positive correlation between rework and injuries is the fact that rework involves demolition, schedule pressure as well as unstable work processes. Mortenson construction works have used computer automated, virtual environment technology at the Peguala Ice Arena at Penn State and in the course of time they catched and fixed the problems early. Typical tools like virtual images of mechanical systems are employed to prevent the mistakes that involve the rework in general. Reworks are increasing the construction schedules and delaying the delivery, Further reworks are contributing to the worker injuries and billions of lost revenue (Moore). The problems of NCRS and reworks can be tackled with multiple dimensions. It is required that there should be sufficient care provided at the outset for the sake of exhaustive preplanning of the projects, Also there is need that there should be sufficient allocation of the resources available for completing the project, projects should be subjected to every measure that actually works on to complete the schedule in time. Also there should be strategic promotion of leadership at the work place as well workers should be encouraged to take pride in their work. Further there should be extensive considerations to be taken to encourage strategies for promoting the safety and quality. Also it is not impossible to totally avoid the scheduled delays. It is required that there should be exhaustive planning and effective contracting process to enhance the quality and safety in the work and thereby there should be means to avoid the delay in the works. There should be steep release of the funds in accordance with the project progression requirements and secondly there is need that there should be fines and penalties for the project delays and this inturn will effect the project progression and scheduling process. Construction business is quite fast and there is need for companies to catch these recent strategies to avert the delays and the progression methodologies to avoid the delays and to keep up the competitive edge in the market(Construction drive). Apart from these basic considerations there is need to enforce recommendation like those of ARCTM, where is there is specific reference made towards the workers training for the job which he is expected to make, enforcement of working conditions which are safe and accident free. Also there is considerable responsibility of the project manager there lies in enforcing better operational conditions in the work place. All of them should be followed with very detailed and specific enforcement at each and every stage of project progression (Abdelhamid,2000).It is also indicated that apart from the basic issues such as workers ignorance and contribution of the apathy of the management towards the workplace safety, there are also issues such as incompetent risk management at the work place as well as improper design of ergonomics at the construction site as well as issues such as deficiencies of the work place being employed in the workplace. All of them do have collective impact on the work place operational integrity and the operational performance (Haslam, 2005).Hwang(2014) indicated that there are several instances of reworks in the construction industry happening because of the lack of systematic planning to avert the same. Hence as per his proposal usage of knowledge based systems to record the ongoing technological progression of the construction works and approaches for elimination of the rework will provide opportunity to enhance the betterment of the organizational performance to avoid reworks in construction. Better design and KMS will contribute in this regard. A comprehensive project management involving design management, communication management, filed management, project scope management, project process management, active rework, project plan management, external environment management etc required for minimizing the project rework in the construction industry (Ye, 2014). Conclusion: The evidence based research findings in relation to the empirical relation between NCRS of reworks and the accident incidents at the site indicate that there is great need to avert the escalation of conditions to the extent of safety incidents as well there is need to avoid loss of revenues to the company in the form of delayed project deliveries as well as in the form of revenue loss due to accidents and related procedural problems and obligations. At the outset there is need to change the traditional construction process monitoring methodologies to more advanced and better technology enabled processes and procedures. Also as indicated in the previous discussion always the project control should be in the hands of able leadership and there should be systematic and strategic interventions from the beginning of the project to avoid delays and expectation mismatch requirements. Also while drafting the contractual obligations there should be sufficient insight and all the terms and the regulations of the project are required to be prepared in detail so that there will be quite a good control of the project progress while preventing the happening of the delays as well as the associated problems of revenue loss from the project. References: Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Moore P, Contractors confront the growing costs of rework, Engineering News record, 28/11/2012 Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Wanberg J et al, Relationship between Construction Safety and Quality Performance, Journal of Construction Engineering Management, Volume 139, Issue 10, October 2013 Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: The Dotted Line: How to avoid schedule delays through careful planning, effective contracts, https://www.constructiondive.com/news/the-dotted-line-how-to-avoid-schedule-delays-through-careful-planning-eff/440167/ Abdelhamid, T.S. and Everett, J.G., 2000. Identifying root causes of construction accidents.Journal of construction engineering and management,126(1), pp.52-60. Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X. and Goh, K.J., 2014. Investigating the client-related rework in building projects: The case of Singapore.International Journal of Project Management,32(4), pp.698-708. Haslam, R.A., Hide, S.A., Gibb, A.G., Gyi, D.E., Pavitt, T., Atkinson, S. and Duff, A.R., 2005. Contributing factors in construction accidents.Applied ergonomics,36(4), pp.401-415. Ye, G., Jin, Z., Xia, B. and Skitmore, M., 2014. Analyzing causes for reworks in construction projects in China.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(6), p.04014097. Love, P.E., Teo, P., Carey, B., Sing, C.P. and Ackermann, F., 2015. The symbiotic nature of safety and quality in construction: Incidents and rework non-conformances.Safety science,79, pp.55-62.